Moonbases: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:NASA Moonbase Locations.png|center|Five locations on the Lunar surface considered by NASA as the location for permanent or semi-permanent moonbases during the period 1961-1972]] | [[Image:NASA Moonbase Locations.png|center|Five locations on the Lunar surface considered by NASA as the location for permanent or semi-permanent moonbases during the period 1961-1972]] | ||
In many pre NASA lunar exploration plans a permanent or semi-permanent moonbase was considered as the culmination of the exploration of the Moon. From this base astronauts would study the geophysical and near space environment of the Moon for an extended period of time. | In many pre NASA lunar exploration plans a permanent or semi-permanent moonbase located either on the lunar surface or in lunar orbit was considered as the culmination of the exploration of the Moon. From this base astronauts would study the geophysical and near space environment of the Moon for an extended period of time. | ||
During the Apollo period (1961-1972) NASA considered variety of Moonbase designs that could support anywhere from 2 men for a week up to 24 men for a period of 2 years. | During the Apollo period (1961-1972) NASA considered variety of Moonbase designs that could support anywhere from 2 men for a week up to 24 men for a period of 2 years. | ||
==Boeing: Modular Lunar Base System (1964)== | |||
[[Image:LESA1224.png|thumb|right|Modular Lunar Base (1964)]] | |||
[[Image: | [[Image:SNAP-8 Lunar.png|thumb|right|SNAP-8 Reactor configured for use as a lunar surface power-plant]] | ||
In response to NASAs request for a means to extend the time astronauts could stay on the lunar surface the Goodyear Corporation designed an inflatable lunar shelter that could be carried folded up against the LM. It was intended to support two men on the lunar surface for eight days. | One of the first major studies into a Moonbase was carried out by Boeing. They envisaged a base constructed of pre-fitted habitation modules that would be launched using the Saturn V INT-21 and landed on the lunar surface by remote control. Starting from an initial base capable of supporting three men for three months, the base would be expanded until it was capable of supporting twenty four men for over two years. | ||
Crew transport would be by Apollo derivative spacecraft capable of carrying the entire three man crew to the lunar surface. Power would be supplied in the final stages by a small nuclear reactor such as the SNAP-8. | |||
The primary focus of the base would be geophysical studies designed to follow up and extend the findings of the initial Apollo landings. | |||
Three locations were considered for the base (See map at top of page): | |||
'''Site A: 5.6ºN by 26.6ºW'''. This was a location considered as an early Apollo landing site. Approximately 241Km (150Mi) southwest of Copernicus, the site contained various surface features (Domes, small craters, Copernicus ejecta) that were considered of interest to scientists. | |||
'''Site B: 12.6ºS by 2.9ºW'''. Located inside the crater Alphonsus, this base would give astronauts access to a region that was suspected to be volcanically active and thus potentially give them a window into the Moons interior. | |||
'''Site C: 40.9ºS by 11.1ºW'''. Situated between the craters Tycho and Tycho 'A', a base at this location would have given the astronauts access to one of the Moons more prominent craters. | |||
<br clear="right"> | |||
==Goodyear: Stay Time Extension Module (1965)== | |||
[[Image:Stay Time Extension Module.png|thumb|right|Stay Time Extension Module (1965)]] | |||
[[Image:LMLayout.png|thumb|right|The lunar shelter mounted on the LM.]] | |||
In response to NASAs request for a means to extend the time astronauts could stay on the lunar surface the Goodyear Corporation designed an inflatable lunar shelter, called the Stay Time Extension Module, that could be carried folded up against the LM in place of the LRV. It was intended to support two men on the lunar surface for eight days. | |||
In addition to the 'extended H-Mission' profile outline above, with the use of an unmanned LM to carry the shelter while the manned unit carried the LRV an 'extended J-Mission' profile allowing for a 14 day stay on the lunar surface was also possible. | |||
<br clear="right"> | |||
==AiResearch Manufacturing: Lunar Shelter (1967)== | |||
[[Image:LunarShelter.png|thumb|right|Lunar Shelter (1967)]] | |||
[[Image:Hypatia LRV Traverses.png|thumb|right|LRV Traverses planned for a Dual-Apollo mission to Hypatia Rille I]] | |||
NASA's post-Apollo plans involved a series of Dual-Apollo launches. The first launch would send an unmanned Lunar Shelter carrying an LSSM to a location of interest on the lunar surface. About six months later an Apollo LM would land near the shelter and it's two or three man crew would spend two weeks on the lunar surface operating out of the Lunar Shelter. | |||
Alphonsus, Hyginus Rille & Hypatia Rille(I) were sites considered for possible Dual-Apollo Missions. | |||
See: | |||
1. [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19720067985_1972067985.pdf Early lunar shelter design and comparison study.] | |||
2. [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19720066986_1972066986.pdf Early lunar shelter design and comparison study. Volume 4: System integration and configuration design] | |||
3. [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19720067337_1972067337.pdf Early lunar shelter design and comparison study. Volume 6: Supporting studies. Book 1: Structural design and LM/T integration. Book 2: Review of scientific mission requirements. Book 3: Hassle analysis of proposed schedule] | |||
<br clear="right"> | |||
==Stanford-Ames: Moonlab (1968)== | |||
[[Image:MoonLab.png|thumb|right|Moonlab (1968)]] | |||
A year before the first Apollo landings, Stanford-Ames carried out a Moonbase design study. The resulting lunar base was partly inspired by the earlier Boeing design. It was to be constructed over the period 1976-1985 from modules launched using Saturn V INT-21s and modified Apollo CSM/LMs would carry astronauts from Earth to the base and back. | |||
For this reason it was decided that the best location for the base would be inside the crater Grimaldi ('''Site D: 3.5ºS by 68.0ºW'''), a portion of the lunar surface that could be reached using standard Apollo spacecraft. | |||
From this location the bases 24 man crew would conduct astronomical observations and lunar geological research. | |||
<br clear="right"> | |||
==McDonnell Douglas: Lunar Skylab (1970)== | |||
McDonnell Douglas (Seal Beach, CA) did a study on modifying the Skylab as a moon-orbiting observatory and station. | |||
See [http://www.astronautix.com/craft/skyation.htm Astronautix]. | |||
<br clear="right"> | |||
==North American/Rockwell: Lunar Surface Base (1971)== | |||
[[Image:LSB.png|thumb|right|Lunar Surface Base (1971)]] | |||
The 1971 North American/Rockwell study was part of the [[Integrated Manned Programme]]. It was also the last Moonbase study during the Apollo period and the only one that incorporated Apollo experience into the planning. | |||
Like the previous studies, the base was going to be constructed of modules. In this case the modules would be modified versions of those intended for NASA's post-Skylab space station. | |||
The 12 man base would support not only long range geological traverses of the lunar surface, but visual and radio astronomy. | |||
The designers simulated the base at a number of locations on the lunar surface, but selected as the optimum location [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopff_(crater)| Kopff crater]inside the borders of Mare Orientale ('''Site E: 17.5ºS by 89.5ºW '''). | |||
<br clear="right"> | |||
==North American/Rockwell: Orbiting Lunar Station (1971)== | |||
[[Image:LOSS.png|thumb|right|Orbiting Lunar Station. (1971)]] | |||
To accompany the Lunar Surface Base, North American/Rockwell designed a lunar space station that was to be placed into a lunar polar orbit approximately two years before the surface base was constructed. | |||
It would then conduct site surveys and once the surface base was in operation would act to support the manned surface operations. | |||
<br clear="right"> | |||
==University of Houston: Lunar Surface Colony (1972)== | |||
[[Image:LSC.png|thumb|right|Lunar Surface Colony (1972)]] | |||
After the completion of the Lockheed study in 1971, NASA had the students of the University of Houston look into the possibility of expanding the proposed Surface Base, located in Kopff Crater into the first permanent lunar settlement. | |||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
* Boeing, ''[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19640007807_1964007807.pdf Initial Concept Of Lunar Exploration Systems For Apollo. Volume I - Summary]'', March 1964 | |||
* Boeing, ''[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19640006055_1964006055.pdf Initial Concept Of Lunar Exploration Systems For Apollo. Volume V - Summary Digest]'', March 1964 | |||
* Goodyear Aerospace Corporation, ''[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19670024377_1967024377.pdf Lunar Stay Time Extension Module STEM FINAL report, 21 Aug. 1964 - 20 Aug. 1965]'', August 1965 | * Goodyear Aerospace Corporation, ''[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19670024377_1967024377.pdf Lunar Stay Time Extension Module STEM FINAL report, 21 Aug. 1964 - 20 Aug. 1965]'', August 1965 | ||
* North American/Rockwell, ''[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19720067607_1972067607.pdf Reactor Powerplants for Lunar Base Applications]'', June 1967 | |||
* AiResearch Manufacturing, ''[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19720067985_1972067985.pdf Early lunar shelter design and comparison study.]'', 1967 | |||
* AiResearch Manufacturing, ''[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19720066986_1972066986.pdf Early lunar shelter design and comparison study. Volume 4: System integration and configuration design]'', 1967 | |||
* AiResearch Manufacturing, ''[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19720067337_1972067337.pdf Early lunar shelter design and comparison study. Volume 6: Supporting studies. Book 1: Structural design and LM/T integration. Book 2: Review of scientific mission requirements. Book 3: Hassle analysis of proposed schedule]'', August 1967 | |||
* Stanford-Ames, ''[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19690020460_1969020460.pdf Preliminary Design Of A Manned Lunar Laboratory. A Stanford Ames Summer Faculty Workshop Study 24 Jun. - 6 Sep. 1968]'', October 1968 | |||
* Stanford-Ames, ''[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19700078042_1970078042.pdf Moonlab - A design for a semipermanent lunar base]'', January 1969 | |||
* North American/Rockwell, ''[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19710015273_1971015273.pdf Orbiting Lunar Station Phase A Feasibility and Definition Study. Final Report - Condensed Summary Report]'', April, 1971 | |||
* North American/Rockwell, ''[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19710016356_1971016356.pdf Orbiting Lunar Station Phase A Feasibility and Definition Study. Final Report Vol.1 - OLS Objectives]'', April, 1971 | |||
* North American/Rockwell, ''[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19710016357_1971016357.pdf Orbiting Lunar Station Phase A Feasibility and Definition Study. Final Report Vol.2 - Mission Operations]'', April, 1971 | |||
* North American/Rockwell, ''[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19710016358_1971016358.pdf Orbiting Lunar Station Phase A Feasibility and Definition Study. Final Report Vol.3 - OLS Performance Requirements]'', April, 1971 | |||
* North American/Rockwell, ''[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19710016359_1971016359.pdf Orbiting Lunar Station Phase A Feasibility and Definition Study. Final Report Vol.4 - Configuration and systems analysis]'', April, 1971 | |||
* North American/Rockwell, ''[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19710016360_1971016360.pdf Orbiting Lunar Station Phase A Feasibility and Definition Study. Final Report Vol.5 - OLS configuration definition Final report]'', April 1971 | |||
* North American/Rockwell, ''[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19710015626_1971015626.pdf Orbiting Lunar Station Phase A Feasibility and Definition Study. Final Report Vol.6 - Comparison Of OLS Configurations]'', April, 1971 | |||
* North American/Rockwell, ''[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19710016381_1971016381.pdf Lunar Base Synthesis Study. Final Report Vol.1 - Executive Study]'', May, 1971 | |||
* North American/Rockwell, ''[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19710016382_1971016382.pdf Lunar Base Synthesis Study. Final Report Vol.2 - Mission Analysis and Lunar Base Synthesis]'', May, 1971 | |||
* North American/Rockwell, ''[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19710016383_1971016383.pdf Lunar Base Synthesis Study. Final Report Vol.2 - Appendixes]'', May, 1971 | |||
* North American/Rockwell, ''[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19710016384_1971016384.pdf Lunar Base Synthesis Study. Final Report Vol.3 - Shelter Design]'', May, 1971 | |||
* North American/Rockwell, ''[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19710016385_1971016385.pdf Lunar Base Synthesis Study. Final Report Vol.3 - Appendixes]'', May, 1971 | |||
* North American/Rockwell, ''[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19710016386_1971016386.pdf Lunar Base Synthesis Study. Final Report Vol.4 - Cost and Resource Estimates]'', May, 1971 | |||
*University of Houston, ''[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19730002509_1973002509.pdf Conceptual Design of a Lunar Colony]'', September 1972 | |||
[[Category:Fictional spacecraft]] | |||
Latest revision as of 13:12, 28 July 2010
In many pre NASA lunar exploration plans a permanent or semi-permanent moonbase located either on the lunar surface or in lunar orbit was considered as the culmination of the exploration of the Moon. From this base astronauts would study the geophysical and near space environment of the Moon for an extended period of time.
During the Apollo period (1961-1972) NASA considered variety of Moonbase designs that could support anywhere from 2 men for a week up to 24 men for a period of 2 years.
Boeing: Modular Lunar Base System (1964)
One of the first major studies into a Moonbase was carried out by Boeing. They envisaged a base constructed of pre-fitted habitation modules that would be launched using the Saturn V INT-21 and landed on the lunar surface by remote control. Starting from an initial base capable of supporting three men for three months, the base would be expanded until it was capable of supporting twenty four men for over two years.
Crew transport would be by Apollo derivative spacecraft capable of carrying the entire three man crew to the lunar surface. Power would be supplied in the final stages by a small nuclear reactor such as the SNAP-8.
The primary focus of the base would be geophysical studies designed to follow up and extend the findings of the initial Apollo landings.
Three locations were considered for the base (See map at top of page):
Site A: 5.6ºN by 26.6ºW. This was a location considered as an early Apollo landing site. Approximately 241Km (150Mi) southwest of Copernicus, the site contained various surface features (Domes, small craters, Copernicus ejecta) that were considered of interest to scientists.
Site B: 12.6ºS by 2.9ºW. Located inside the crater Alphonsus, this base would give astronauts access to a region that was suspected to be volcanically active and thus potentially give them a window into the Moons interior.
Site C: 40.9ºS by 11.1ºW. Situated between the craters Tycho and Tycho 'A', a base at this location would have given the astronauts access to one of the Moons more prominent craters.
Goodyear: Stay Time Extension Module (1965)
In response to NASAs request for a means to extend the time astronauts could stay on the lunar surface the Goodyear Corporation designed an inflatable lunar shelter, called the Stay Time Extension Module, that could be carried folded up against the LM in place of the LRV. It was intended to support two men on the lunar surface for eight days.
In addition to the 'extended H-Mission' profile outline above, with the use of an unmanned LM to carry the shelter while the manned unit carried the LRV an 'extended J-Mission' profile allowing for a 14 day stay on the lunar surface was also possible.
AiResearch Manufacturing: Lunar Shelter (1967)
NASA's post-Apollo plans involved a series of Dual-Apollo launches. The first launch would send an unmanned Lunar Shelter carrying an LSSM to a location of interest on the lunar surface. About six months later an Apollo LM would land near the shelter and it's two or three man crew would spend two weeks on the lunar surface operating out of the Lunar Shelter.
Alphonsus, Hyginus Rille & Hypatia Rille(I) were sites considered for possible Dual-Apollo Missions.
See:
1. Early lunar shelter design and comparison study.
Stanford-Ames: Moonlab (1968)
A year before the first Apollo landings, Stanford-Ames carried out a Moonbase design study. The resulting lunar base was partly inspired by the earlier Boeing design. It was to be constructed over the period 1976-1985 from modules launched using Saturn V INT-21s and modified Apollo CSM/LMs would carry astronauts from Earth to the base and back.
For this reason it was decided that the best location for the base would be inside the crater Grimaldi (Site D: 3.5ºS by 68.0ºW), a portion of the lunar surface that could be reached using standard Apollo spacecraft.
From this location the bases 24 man crew would conduct astronomical observations and lunar geological research.
McDonnell Douglas: Lunar Skylab (1970)
McDonnell Douglas (Seal Beach, CA) did a study on modifying the Skylab as a moon-orbiting observatory and station.
See Astronautix.
North American/Rockwell: Lunar Surface Base (1971)
The 1971 North American/Rockwell study was part of the Integrated Manned Programme. It was also the last Moonbase study during the Apollo period and the only one that incorporated Apollo experience into the planning.
Like the previous studies, the base was going to be constructed of modules. In this case the modules would be modified versions of those intended for NASA's post-Skylab space station.
The 12 man base would support not only long range geological traverses of the lunar surface, but visual and radio astronomy.
The designers simulated the base at a number of locations on the lunar surface, but selected as the optimum location Kopff craterinside the borders of Mare Orientale (Site E: 17.5ºS by 89.5ºW ).
North American/Rockwell: Orbiting Lunar Station (1971)
To accompany the Lunar Surface Base, North American/Rockwell designed a lunar space station that was to be placed into a lunar polar orbit approximately two years before the surface base was constructed.
It would then conduct site surveys and once the surface base was in operation would act to support the manned surface operations.
University of Houston: Lunar Surface Colony (1972)
After the completion of the Lockheed study in 1971, NASA had the students of the University of Houston look into the possibility of expanding the proposed Surface Base, located in Kopff Crater into the first permanent lunar settlement.
References
- Boeing, Initial Concept Of Lunar Exploration Systems For Apollo. Volume I - Summary, March 1964
- Boeing, Initial Concept Of Lunar Exploration Systems For Apollo. Volume V - Summary Digest, March 1964
- Goodyear Aerospace Corporation, Lunar Stay Time Extension Module STEM FINAL report, 21 Aug. 1964 - 20 Aug. 1965, August 1965
- North American/Rockwell, Reactor Powerplants for Lunar Base Applications, June 1967
- AiResearch Manufacturing, Early lunar shelter design and comparison study., 1967
- AiResearch Manufacturing, Early lunar shelter design and comparison study. Volume 4: System integration and configuration design, 1967
- AiResearch Manufacturing, Early lunar shelter design and comparison study. Volume 6: Supporting studies. Book 1: Structural design and LM/T integration. Book 2: Review of scientific mission requirements. Book 3: Hassle analysis of proposed schedule, August 1967
- Stanford-Ames, Preliminary Design Of A Manned Lunar Laboratory. A Stanford Ames Summer Faculty Workshop Study 24 Jun. - 6 Sep. 1968, October 1968
- Stanford-Ames, Moonlab - A design for a semipermanent lunar base, January 1969
- North American/Rockwell, Orbiting Lunar Station Phase A Feasibility and Definition Study. Final Report - Condensed Summary Report, April, 1971
- North American/Rockwell, Orbiting Lunar Station Phase A Feasibility and Definition Study. Final Report Vol.1 - OLS Objectives, April, 1971
- North American/Rockwell, Orbiting Lunar Station Phase A Feasibility and Definition Study. Final Report Vol.2 - Mission Operations, April, 1971
- North American/Rockwell, Orbiting Lunar Station Phase A Feasibility and Definition Study. Final Report Vol.3 - OLS Performance Requirements, April, 1971
- North American/Rockwell, Orbiting Lunar Station Phase A Feasibility and Definition Study. Final Report Vol.4 - Configuration and systems analysis, April, 1971
- North American/Rockwell, Orbiting Lunar Station Phase A Feasibility and Definition Study. Final Report Vol.5 - OLS configuration definition Final report, April 1971
- North American/Rockwell, Orbiting Lunar Station Phase A Feasibility and Definition Study. Final Report Vol.6 - Comparison Of OLS Configurations, April, 1971
- North American/Rockwell, Lunar Base Synthesis Study. Final Report Vol.1 - Executive Study, May, 1971
- North American/Rockwell, Lunar Base Synthesis Study. Final Report Vol.2 - Mission Analysis and Lunar Base Synthesis, May, 1971
- North American/Rockwell, Lunar Base Synthesis Study. Final Report Vol.2 - Appendixes, May, 1971
- North American/Rockwell, Lunar Base Synthesis Study. Final Report Vol.3 - Shelter Design, May, 1971
- North American/Rockwell, Lunar Base Synthesis Study. Final Report Vol.3 - Appendixes, May, 1971
- North American/Rockwell, Lunar Base Synthesis Study. Final Report Vol.4 - Cost and Resource Estimates, May, 1971
- University of Houston, Conceptual Design of a Lunar Colony, September 1972